英語句子翻譯技巧指導
1. 詞語的正確搭配及意義
一個詞，在詞典中儘管有許多意思，但是用在某個特定的句子中，和不同的詞語進行搭配時，以及在不同的語法結構中，只有一個確定的意思。因此，在翻譯時要善於抓住詞語的搭配和語法結構，確定詞義。以下舉例說明：
1） I can think of a good few medical students who would willingly “work their way through colleges” by filling in as nurses at our understaffed hospitals.
誤譯：我可以想像不少讀醫的學生是願意來我們人手不足的醫院當護士幫助病人填寫病歷，以此來掙錢讀完大學的。
正譯：我可以想像不少讀醫的學生是願意來我們人手不足的醫院臨時充當護士，以此來掙錢讀完大學的。分析：fill in用做及物動詞詞組，和a blank/a check./a form等搭配時，是做“填寫”、“填入”解釋的，但是如果用作不及物動詞詞組時，和for sb. as sb.搭配，就是做“暫時代替”來解釋。
2） (An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities.) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
誤譯：批評這樣的失敗就好比批評溫度計不能測出風速一樣。
正譯：批評智力的測試不反映上述情況，就好比批評溫度計不能測出風速一樣。
分析：很多情況下，failure這個詞是做“失敗”解釋的，但是，當failure後面接動詞不定式，形成failure to do sth.的結構的時候，這個failure就應當解釋為“未能”、“沒有”。
3） “In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
誤譯：新學校的一位領導人堅持說：“總而言之，我們所說的科學革命主要是指一系列器具的改進、發明和使用。這些改進、發明和使用使科學發展的範圍無所不及。 ”
正譯：新學派的一位領導人堅持說：“總而言之，我們所說的科學革命主要是指一系列器具的改進、發明和使用。這些改進、發明和使用使科學發展的範圍無所不及。 ”
2. 詞語的上下文意義
“吾生也有涯，而單詞也無涯”：）是的，一個人認識詞彙的能力總是有限的，翻譯時碰到不認識的詞的可能性很大。在考研的試題中，常考查多義詞，這時我們千萬不能想當然，受思維定勢的影響，按照自己印象最深，或最熟悉的詞義去理解，而是應當充分利用上下文來分析和確定詞義。下面舉例說明：
1） It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.
誤譯：我認為時機已成熟。就業部門和教育部門應同大學攜起手來，修正我們的教育制度，使之能把學生的才能、申請及工業都更好地運用於經濟方面。而這些才能、申請及工業現在都浪費在無人感興趣的證書、文憑和學位上。
正譯：我認為時機已成熟。就業部門和教育部門應同大學攜起手來，修正我們的教育制度，使之能比較合理地使用學生的才能、勤奮和刻苦。而現在他們這些才能和努力都浪費在無人感興趣的證書、文憑和學位上。
分析：雖然application常做“申請”解釋，但是由上下文來看，這裡顯然不是這個意思，而是另一個意思：勤奮刻苦。同樣，industry也有這個問題，它多做“工業”解釋，但根據上下文應當是“勤勞”的意思。此外，這裡的economic也是誤譯，只是看它和 economy有些像，就想當然地譯成“經濟”，這是不對的，應當是看它在文章裡的具體環境，採用“節約的”、“合理的”這個譯法。
2） When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying about, not mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see, it is very rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, on the roads.
誤譯：當你想到那些看得見的，到處飛翔的鳥兒，更不用說同樣多的、看不見的諸如野鼠、田鼠之類的動物時，除了在大路上，你很難見到動物的死屍。
正譯：雖然你可以想像到無數鳥兒在天空中飛翔，更不要說同樣多的、但看不見的諸如野鼠、田鼠之類的動物，但是除了在大路上之外，你很難見到動物的死屍。
分析：這是when的一個典型的錯誤翻譯。這裡的when並不是表示時間關係，而是做“雖然”解釋，表示情況的轉折。
3. 詞語形式對詞義的影響
名詞是很活躍的一類詞語，一個名詞用作單數或複數、用作可數或不可數、前面有沒有定冠詞，它的意義都是大不相同的，因此，在有名詞出現的翻譯中要格外注意名詞的形式。下面舉例說明：
1） (There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer.) But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.
誤譯：但這並不能使人們感到太多不舒服，因為你是在一個好的公司裡。
正譯：但這並不能使人們感到太多不舒服，因為和你一樣抽煙的人很多。
分析：company作可數和不可數名詞時的意義是不同的。作可數名詞時是“公司”，而作不可數名詞時是“夥伴”、“伴侶”的意思，要格外小心。
2） The question became one of whether man could control the disease he had invented.
誤譯：因此，問題就成了人們能否控制住他們自己創造出來的這種疾病。
正譯：因此，問題就成了人類能否控制住他們自己創造出來的這種疾病。
分析：man用作單數，且前面又沒有冠詞修飾時，作mankind（人類）解釋。
4. 詞語的內涵與引申義
很多詞在具體的翻譯中是不能簡單套用詞典中現成的解釋的。這就要求我們根據詞語的內涵和引申的意義準確把握詞義。下面舉例說明：
1） He stepped right in after them, like it or not, and he was determined that nothing as petty as good manners should keep him from a chance of enlightenment.
誤譯：他不管人家歡迎不歡迎，緊跟著他們走了進去。什麼禮貌不禮貌，他顧不得這一套。他決心不錯過這個受啟蒙的機會。
正譯：他不管人家歡迎不歡迎，緊跟著他們走了進去。什麼禮貌不禮貌，他顧不得這一套。他決心不錯過這個機會，把心裡的問題弄明白。
分析：enlightenment在詞典中的意思確實是“啟蒙”、“啟發”，但是在這裡如果原封不動地照搬，不僅生硬，且不符合原文意思，這裡就需要我們把它的引申意義找出來，即“把問題搞清楚”。
translation
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